Covenant Elite: These large fighters are the main species of the Covenant. They seem about eight feet tall, with a few more leg joints than humans have, and they wear shining armor. They are also equipped with personal forcefields.
Grunt: This alien is a race subservient to the Covenant, used as infantry. The equipment he wears is to provide an environment similar to his low-temperature home planet. They are dangerous in packs, but cowardly and easily startled, and tend to yap out hilarious dialogue in their squeaky voices.
Jackal: Another species of Covenant, these guys form an elite infantry (much stronger than Grunts, but not matching the powerhouse Elites). They carry a portable shield, which can deflect a large amount of firepower, and they are skilled at using it for defense. Jackals are almost always found in groups of four, and will cooperate to outmaneuver enemies.
Hunter: These walking tanks are the Covenant's heavy infantry. They are armed with a Fuel Rod Gun attached to their right arm, and a huge shield that can deflect just about anything.
Sentinel: These robots are 343 Guilty Spark's assistants/henchment/etc. They are armed with Forerunner energy beams and sometimes forcefields.
Flood Infection: These small creatures are the "real" form of the Flood, who burrow into their victims and transform them into Warriors. They give and take very little damage, but that's not much comfort when faced with dozens of them.
Flood Warrior (Human): Human marines, without energy shields, were easy prey to the Flood Infections. Now they have been forced back to life by the Flood to slaughter their former comrades.
Flood Warrior (Covenant): These hapless Elites have been overwhelmed by Infections and transformed into shambling, deformed corpses that obey the Flood embedded in them. They are just as fast and strong as their proper form, however.
Flood Carrier: Corpses deemed unfit for Warrior status are turned into breeding grounds. They waddle along on what's left of their legs until they take too much damage or find themselves near an enemy, and then burst with a powerful blast, releasing Infections to feast on nearby survivors.